We
are slowly stepping closer and closer to a day when Quantum Teleportation can
be used to send data since it was first theorized in 1993. All thanks to some Glow-in-the-Dark
Chocolate Glaze Donuts using my tried and tested recipe developed while at the MICO College University as detailed in
my blog article
entitled “Cooking
for Exams at MICO - How to make Glow-in-the-Dark Chocolate Glaze Donuts to go
with Sorrel Wine”.
This
as a team of researchers have discovered a way to improve the information
density by reducing the resources needed and thereby improve the reliability of
Quantum teleportation as reported in the article “Donuts,
math, and superdense teleportation of Quantum information”, published May
28, 2015 by Siv K. Schwink, Physorg.
Their
research, published in on Thursday May 28th, 2015 issue of Nature Communications Journal, is part
of a collaboration with NASA (National Aeronautical space Administration) to
test Quantum Teleportation in space from the ISS (International Space Station)
to an Optical Telescope on Earth.
The
collaborator bandwagon is again overcrowded, so yet again, I must draw for a
list:
1.
Doctoral candidate Trent Graham from the
University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign
2.
Dr. Hamid Javadi of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California
3.
Dr. Herbert Bernstein from the Hampshire
College in Amherst, Massachusetts
4.
Dr. Jungsang Kim, physicist from Duke University in Durham, North
Carolina
5.
Dr. Marius Junge, a Mathematician from
the University of Illinois
6.
Dr. Paul Kwiat, physicist from the
University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign
7.
Dr. TzuChieh Wei of State University of
New York at Stony Brook
The
team recently received funding from NASA Headquarter's Space Communication and
Navigation program, which has project Directors Badri Younes and Barry
Geldzahler, to explore the feasibility of Quantum Teleportation from a space
based location back to the Earth. Based on this published research, they're
close to the idea of one day building a Quantum Teleportation Network for
practical communication.
That
team led by
physicist Paul Kwiat of the University of Illinois at
UrbanaChampaign and paper coauthor Herbert Bernstein of Hampshire College in Amherst, Massechusets
takes advantage of the properties of a torus, a shape which look like a Donut,
to improve the efficiently of Quantum Teleportation by making better phase diagram
for the windowing of super-dense Quantum data for hyper-entangled atoms being
used in the Quantum Teleportation Network between Alice and Bob.
Don’t
worry, I’m just as confused as you are, dear reader! So how did Donuts help?
First,
before the explanation gets complicated, it would be a good idea to whip up a
batch of Glow-in-the-Dark Chocolate Glaze Donuts using my tried and tested recipe
developed while at the MICO College
University as detailed in my blog article
entitled “Cooking
for Exams at MICO - How to make Glow-in-the-Dark Chocolate Glaze Donuts to go
with Sorrel Wine”.
Researchers develope Toroidal
Phase diagram to represent Hyper-entangled Qubits - How Donuts are the key
Turns
out Donuts aren’t just good for eating; they’re also helpful with improving
information density.
When
sending information over such a Quantum Teleportation Network, the sender and
receiver, referred to as Alice and Bob respectively, have to get their samples
of supercooled atoms Quantum entangled i.e. showing the same Quantum state as
explained in extreme detail in my blog article
entitled “Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience demonstrates Quantum Teleportation – Super-cooled
Diamonds demonstrate faster-than-light potential for Computing and
Telecommunications”.
Only
this time, instead of using the Spin Quantum Number (ms) of a sample
of atoms, the team used the polarization and the Orbital Quantum Number, (l) ,
of photons to transmit the initial key data to get the two (2) samples of atoms
Quantum entangled, a state that they referred to as being hyper-entangled.
By
using multiple variable of the photons being transmitted in the laser beam used
in the FSO (Free Space Optics) communications platform, it allowed the
researchers to compress more data, making the communication become more
superdense. This is basically a form a data compression, no different from using
QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) employing phase angle and amplitude to
transmit different symbols representing groups of bits i.e. 1 (on bit) 0 (of
bit) in a Data Schema.
But
instead of a flat 2D (two dimensional) phase diagram, the researchers used a 3D
(three dimensional) analog; a sphere. This, however, presented its difficulties,
as it was difficult to label unique points on that phase diagram to represent
the polarization and the Orbital Quantum Number (l), of photons that was used a
symbols for the hyper-entangled state being transmitted by Alice to represent
the Qubits being sent to Bob, the recipient
To
quote Dr. Paul Kwiat as he munches on a Donut: “In classical computing, a
unit of information, called a bit, can have only one of two possible values—it's
either a zero or a one. A Quantum bit, or qubit, can simultaneously hold many values,
arbitrary superpositions of 0 and 1 at the same time, which makes faster, more
powerful. So a qubit could be
represented as a point on a sphere, and to specify what state it is, one would
need longitude and latitude. That's a lot of information compared to just a 0
or a 1”.
Enter
the Donut, stage left, no doubt stumbled upon by the researcher when they had
hit a dead end. During that period while on their allotted one (1) hour lunch
break, they must have realized that they literally were munching on the
solution to the problem of transmission fidelity of qubits in their hands!
Researchers love eating
Donuts - How Donuts may herald NASA's faster-than-light Quantum Teleportation
Network
With
a 3D Donut, or torus, it's a lot easier to represent polarization and the
Orbital Quantum Number (l), as you have the points on the Donut hole as a
unique reference instead of just the central axis.
Each
set of qubits is represented by a unique polarization and the Orbital Quantum
Number (l) point on the Donut wheel, which Dr. Paul Kwiat explains at
length, while no doubt mooching on an actual Donut in hand: “What makes our new
scheme work is a restrictive set of states. The analog would be, instead of
using a sphere, we are going to use a torus, or Donut shape. A sphere can only
rotate on an axis, and there is no way to get an opposite point for every point
on a sphere by rotating it—because the axis points, the north and the south,
don't move. With a Donut, if you rotate it 180 degrees, every point becomes its
opposite. Instead of axis points you have a Donut hole. Another advantage, the Donut
shape actually has more surface area than the sphere, mathematically
speaking—this means it has more distinct points that can be used as encoded
information”.
By
so doing, the researchers increased the transmission fidelity from 44%, the tradition
upper limit, to nearly 88% i.e. successful transmission of information using
the Quantum entangled data 88% of the time. This is nowhere close to the five
9's i.e. 99.999% reliability uptime required by Telecom Providers, but it’s
getting close.
Restricting
the number of possible states being represented using a toroidal phase diagram
to represent the polarization and the Orbital Quantum Number (l), of photons to
initiate the hyper-entangled state, puts the team a step closer to a practical Quantum
Teleportation Network.
Again,
to quote Lead author and Doctoral candidate Trent Graham from the University of
Illinois at UrbanaChampaign, who might possibly be munching on a Donut, the
source of inspiration for this breakthrough: “We are constrained to sending a
certain class of Quantum states called 'equimodular' states. We can
deterministically perform operations on this constrained set of states, which
are impossible to perfectly perform with completely general Quantum states.
Deterministic describes a definite outcome, as opposed to one that is
probabilistic. With existing technologies, previous photonic Quantum
teleportation schemes either cannot work every time or require extensive
experimental resources. Our new scheme could work every time with simple
measurements”.
Hopefully
when NASA test this Quantum Teleportation Network on the ISS and publishes
their results, their researchers will use a lot less jargon to explain the fact
that they're using a 3D Donut shape phase diagram, as all this talk about Donuts
is making me hungry!
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